Nutraceutical Manufacturing Glossary

A Comprehensive Guide to Dietary Supplement Manufacturing Terms

The nutraceutical industry includes a wide range of scientific, manufacturing, and regulatory terminology. This glossary provides clear definitions of common terms used in dietary supplement formulation, ingredient science, quality testing, and nutraceutical manufacturing processes.

Understanding the terminology used in nutraceutical manufacturing is essential for supplement brands developing high-quality products. Whether you’re launching a new supplement brand or scaling an existing product line, these definitions provide clarity around the processes and standards that guide modern nutraceutical manufacturing and quality assurance.

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | Y | Z

A

Absorption

In the context of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements, absorption refers to the process by which nutrients, bioactive compounds, or other dietary ingredients pass from the digestive tract into the bloodstream so they can be utilized by the body.

Absorption Pathways

Absorption pathways are the biological mechanisms through which nutrients, electrolytes, and fluids are transported across the intestinal lining into the bloodstream. In hydration science, key pathways include sodium-glucose co-transport, amino acid co-transport, and passive diffusion. Leveraging multiple pathways in formulation can improve total nutrient uptake and hydration efficiency.

Acidulants

Acidulants are food- and supplement-grade acids added to formulations to adjust pH, enhance flavor, and improve stability. In hydration supplements, acidulants play a critical role in balancing sweetness, reducing perceived bitterness, and creating a bright, refreshing taste profile.

Active Ingredient

A biologically active compound responsible for delivering the intended functional benefit of a dietary supplement. Active ingredients may include vitamins, minerals, amino acids, botanical extracts, probiotics, or specialty nutraceutical compounds.

Adaptogens

Adaptogens are natural substances typically derived from herbs or plant roots that are believed to help the body adapt to physical and mental stress. Adaptogens are commonly used in dietary supplements formulated to support stress resilience, energy balance, and overall wellness.

Well-known adaptogenic ingredients include ashwagandha, rhodiola, ginseng, and holy basil.

Adulteration

Adulteration refers to the intentional or unintentional contamination, substitution, or dilution of an ingredient with lower-quality, undeclared, or potentially harmful substances. Adulteration poses significant risks to product safety, regulatory compliance, and brand reputation.

Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)

A potent antioxidant that supports mitochondrial function, glucose metabolism, and oxidative stress reduction.

Amino Acids

Organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins and support functions such as muscle synthesis, neurotransmitter production, and metabolic processes.

Amino Acid Co-Transport

Amino acid co-transport is an active transport mechanism in the intestine where amino acids facilitate the absorption of electrolytes—particularly sodium—across the intestinal membrane. This pathway can enhance hydration and nutrient uptake, especially when combined with other transport systems like SGLT1.

Analgesic

An analgesic is a substance that relieves pain without causing loss of consciousness. Analgesics work through various mechanisms, including inhibiting inflammatory pathways (such as cyclooxygenase enzymes), modulating pain signaling in the central nervous system, or reducing peripheral nerve sensitivity.

In the supplement space, botanical analgesics like turmeric (curcumin) and boswellia are commonly used to support joint comfort and inflammation management.

Analytical Testing

Laboratory analysis used to verify ingredient identity, potency, purity, and safety throughout the manufacturing process.

Ancillary Ingredients (see excipients, inactive ingredients)

Non-active ingredients used in dietary supplements and nutraceutical formulations to support manufacturing efficiency, product stability, bioavailability, and sensory experience. Ancillary ingredients do not provide primary health benefits but are essential for delivering consistent, high-quality products.

Antioxidants

Compounds that help neutralize free radicals and protect cells from oxidative stress. Common antioxidant ingredients include vitamin C, vitamin E, polyphenols, and carotenoids.

Anxiolytic Agent

An anxiolytic agent is a compound or substance that helps reduce anxiety by modulating neurotransmitter activity in the brain. These agents often influence pathways involving gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin, or cortisol to promote a calming effect and support stress resilience.

In nutraceutical applications, common anxiolytic ingredients include L-theanine, ashwagandha extracts, and magnesium, which are formulated to support mood balance without sedative effects.

Aroma Compounds

Aroma compounds are chemical molecules responsible for the characteristic smell of foods, beverages, and flavorings. These volatile compounds interact with receptors in the nose and contribute significantly to how flavors are perceived during consumption.

Aromatic Profile

An aromatic profile refers to the combination and intensity of aroma compounds that create the distinctive smell of a product. In supplement formulation, aromatic profiles are carefully balanced to produce appealing sensory characteristics and ensure consistent product flavor.

Artificial Flavor

An artificial flavor is a flavoring substance that is chemically synthesized rather than derived directly from natural plant or animal sources. Artificial flavors are designed to mimic the taste or aroma of natural ingredients and are regulated for safety by food authorities such as the U.S. Food & Drug Administration.

Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

Ascorbic acid is the chemically active form of vitamin C, a water-soluble vitamin essential for antioxidant protection, collagen synthesis, and immune system support. It functions as a key electron donor, helping to neutralize free radicals and regenerate other antioxidants such as vitamin E. Biochemically, ascorbic acid is required for the enzymatic production of collagen, making it critical for skin integrity, wound healing, and connective tissue health.

In nutraceutical formulations, ascorbic acid is widely used to support immune function, enhance iron absorption, and reduce oxidative stress. It is also commonly included in functional blends targeting skin health, recovery, and overall cellular protection due to its high bioavailability and well-established efficacy.

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)

An adaptogenic herb standardized for withanolides that helps regulate cortisol, support stress resilience, and promote mood balance.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

ATP is the primary energy-carrying molecule in all living cells. It stores and delivers energy needed for nearly every biological process, including muscle contraction, nerve signaling, and cellular metabolism.

When the body breaks down nutrients from food, that energy is converted into ATP within the mitochondria. The molecule then releases energy by breaking one of its phosphate bonds, powering essential cellular functions.

In the context of men’s health and performance supplements, ATP production is closely tied to:

Physical energy and endurance
Muscle performance and recovery
Metabolic efficiency
Mitochondrial health

Ingredients such as cordyceps, CoQ10, and shilajit are often included in formulations to support ATP production, helping enhance energy output and overall vitality.

B

B Vitamins

B vitamins are a group of water-soluble vitamins that support energy metabolism, nervous system function, and cellular health.

Batch Production

A manufacturing method in which a defined quantity of product is produced during a single production run. Batch manufacturing enables traceability and consistent quality control.

Beta-Carotene

Beta-carotene is a carotenoid pigment and provitamin A compound found in plants, particularly in orange and green vegetables such as carrots and spinach. It is converted by the body into active vitamin A (retinol) as needed, making it a safer, regulated source of vitamin A compared to preformed retinoids.

In addition to its role in supporting vision and immune health, beta-carotene functions as an antioxidant, helping to neutralize free radicals and support cellular integrity. It is commonly used in supplement formulations for both its vitamin A activity and its protective effects against oxidative stress.

Bioactive Compound

A naturally occurring chemical compound that produces biological activity in the body and contributes to potential health benefits.

Bioactive Peptides

Bioactive peptides are short chains of amino acids derived from proteins that may influence biological processes in the body. These peptides can be released during digestion or produced through enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins such as collagen, milk proteins, or plant proteins.

Bioactivity

Bioactivity refers to the ability of a nutrient, compound, or ingredient to produce a measurable biological effect in the body after it has been absorbed. Bioactive compounds interact with physiological systems, such as enzymes, receptors, and cellular pathways, to influence functions like metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune response.

Bioactivity is distinct from bioavailability, which measures how much of a compound is absorbed into circulation. A compound may be highly bioavailable but have limited bioactivity, or vice versa. In nutraceutical formulation, both factors are important for determining overall product effectiveness.

Bioavailability

Bioavailability is the proportion of a nutrient or compound that is absorbed and utilized by the body after consumption. It is an important factor in determining how effectively a dietary supplement delivers its intended nutritional benefits.

Factors that influence bioavailability include:

nutrient form
solubility
delivery system
digestive conditions
interactions with other nutrients

Source: Code of Federal Regulations

Bioenhancer

An ingredient added to improve the absorption or effectiveness of another compound in a formulation. Piperine (black pepper extract) is a common example.

Biomarker-Based Hormone Support

A personalized approach to supplementation that uses measurable biological indicators, such as hormone levels, nutrient status, or metabolic markers, to guide formulation or product recommendations. This strategy enables precision nutrition, allowing supplement regimens to be tailored to an individual’s specific hormonal needs for improved efficacy.

Black Pepper (Piper nigrum)

Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a plant-derived ingredient commonly used in dietary supplements for its bioactive compound piperine, which supports nutrient absorption, bioavailability, and digestive function. It is widely included in nutraceutical formulations to enhance the effectiveness of other active ingredients.

Blend Uniformity

A quality measure indicating that all ingredients in a formulation are evenly distributed throughout the finished product.

Boron

A trace mineral that plays a role in hormone metabolism and mineral balance. In supplement formulations, boron is associated with supporting free testosterone levels by influencing the metabolism of sex hormones and reducing sex hormone-binding activity. It is typically used in low-dose, science-driven formulations to enhance overall hormonal efficiency.

Botanical Extract

A concentrated preparation derived from plant materials such as roots, leaves, seeds, bark, or flowers.

Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs)

A group of essential amino acids — leucine, isoleucine, and valine — that support muscle protein synthesis and reduce exercise-induced muscle breakdown.

C

Calcium

A structural mineral essential for bone and teeth health, as well as muscle contraction and nerve signaling.

Capsule

A delivery format consisting of a dissolvable shell containing powdered or granular supplement ingredients. Capsules are widely used in nutraceutical products because they allow for precise dosing, ingredient protection, and convenient consumption. Once ingested, the capsule shell dissolves in the digestive tract, releasing the active ingredients for absorption.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are one of the three primary macronutrients and serve as the body’s main source of energy. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and are broken down during digestion into glucose, which the body uses to fuel cells, tissues, and organs.

Carbohydrates are generally classified into three main categories: Sugars, Starches, and Fiber.

Carotenoid

A naturally occurring pigment found in plants, algae, and some microorganisms that gives many fruits and vegetables their yellow, orange, and red colors. Carotenoids belong to a class of fat-soluble compounds known for their antioxidant properties and are commonly used in dietary supplements for their potential health-supporting benefits.

Several carotenoids function as antioxidants, helping protect cells from oxidative stress caused by free radicals. Some carotenoids can also serve as provitamin A compounds, meaning the body can convert them into vitamin A when needed.

Cellular Hydration

Cellular hydration describes the balance of water and electrolytes within individual cells. Adequate cellular hydration supports metabolic function, nutrient transport, energy production, and cellular stability.

Ceramides

Ceramides are lipid molecules found in the skin barrier that help maintain moisture and protect against environmental stress. Ceramide supplements are used to support skin hydration and barrier function.

Certificate of Analysis (COA)

A Certificate of Analysis (COA) is a laboratory document that verifies a raw material or finished product meets specific quality standards, including identity, potency, purity, and contaminant testing. COAs are used by supplement manufacturers and brands to confirm that ingredients meet established specifications before products are released for distribution.

cGMP (Current Good Manufacturing Practices)

Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) are regulations established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that set quality standards for the manufacturing, packaging, labeling, and storage of dietary supplements.

cGMP regulations help ensure that supplements are:

produced consistently
accurately labeled
free from contamination
tested for quality and safety

Source: U.S. Food & Drug Administration

Chelated Minerals

Chelated minerals are minerals that are chemically bound to organic molecules, typically amino acids, to enhance stability and bioavailability. This form can improve absorption efficiency and reduce gastrointestinal irritation compared to inorganic mineral salts, making chelated minerals valuable in premium supplement formulations.

Chloride

Chloride is an electrolyte that helps maintain fluid balance, acid-base balance, and digestive function.

Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)

Cholecalciferol is a naturally occurring form of vitamin D produced in the skin upon exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation and commonly sourced from animal-derived ingredients in supplements.

It functions as a precursor to the active hormone calcitriol, which regulates calcium and phosphorus absorption, supporting bone health, immune function, and muscle performance.

Cholecalciferol is generally considered more effective than vitamin D2 at raising and maintaining serum vitamin D levels.

Clean Label

A product formulation approach emphasizing minimal ingredients, recognizable ingredient names, and transparency.

Coatings

Coatings are thin protective layers applied to ingredients, particles, or finished dosage forms. In nutraceutical products, coatings may be used to improve stability, control the release of active ingredients, reduce moisture exposure, or mask unpleasant tastes and odors. Certain coatings may also protect ingredients from stomach acid until they reach the intestine.

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)

A mitochondrial cofactor involved in energy production and antioxidant protection. It is particularly important for cardiovascular and cellular health.

Cold Pressing

Cold pressing is a mechanical extraction method used to obtain oils or juices from plant materials, such as seeds, nuts, or fruits, without the use of high heat. Because the process avoids elevated temperatures, cold pressing helps preserve sensitive nutrients, flavor compounds, and natural antioxidants that could otherwise degrade during heat-based extraction.

Collagen

Collagen is a structural protein that is a major component of connective tissues in the body, including skin, bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. It provides strength, structure, and elasticity to these tissues.

Collagen Peptides

Collagen peptides are hydrolyzed collagen proteins broken into smaller amino acid chains to improve absorption. They help support skin elasticity, joint health, and connective tissue structure.

Compatibility Mapping

Compatibility mapping is the process of evaluating how different ingredients interact within a formulation to ensure stability, effectiveness, and manufacturability. This assessment helps identify potential issues such as ingredient degradation, precipitation, or undesirable taste interactions.

Contract Manufacturing

A manufacturing arrangement where a specialized facility produces supplements on behalf of a brand owner.

Cordyceps

A functional mushroom used in traditional medicine, particularly in Asia. Cordyceps is valued for its role in supporting cellular energy (ATP production), oxygen utilization, and endurance.

In men’s health, it is often included in formulations aimed at performance, stamina, and overall vitality, and is commonly paired with adaptogens.

CoQ10

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a compound involved in mitochondrial energy production and cellular antioxidant defense.

Cortisol

Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress and circadian rhythms. It plays a central role in regulating metabolism, immune response, and the body’s stress adaptation processes.

Cortisol helps mobilize energy by increasing blood glucose levels, while also influencing inflammation and cognitive function. Chronically elevated cortisol levels are associated with fatigue, impaired recovery, and mood imbalance, making it a key target in stress-support and adaptogenic formulations.

Creatine Monohydrate

A naturally occurring compound that supports ATP regeneration and cellular energy production. Creatine is widely used to enhance strength, power output, and muscle recovery.

Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)

Creatine phosphokinase (CPK), also known as creatine kinase (CK), is an enzyme found primarily in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and the brain. It plays a critical role in cellular energy production by catalyzing the conversion of creatine and ATP into phosphocreatine and ADP, which helps regenerate ATP during periods of high energy demand.

Clinically, elevated CPK levels in the blood are used as a biomarker for muscle damage, overtraining, or certain medical conditions such as rhabdomyolysis or myocardial injury.

Cross-Contamination

Unintentional transfer of ingredients or contaminants from one product to another during manufacturing.

Curcumin

Curcumin is the primary bioactive polyphenol found in turmeric (Curcuma longa). It is known for its strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, acting through pathways such as NF-κB modulation and cytokine regulation.

Curcumin is commonly used in supplements to support joint health, metabolic function, and overall inflammatory balance, though formulation strategies often focus on enhancing its bioavailability.

D

Degradation

Degradation refers to the chemical or physical breakdown of an ingredient over time. Factors such as heat, light, oxygen, moisture, or pH changes can cause degradation, which may reduce potency, alter flavor, or affect product stability. Stability testing is often conducted to evaluate degradation and determine appropriate shelf-life.

Dehydration

Dehydration occurs when the body loses more fluids than it consumes, leading to an imbalance in water and electrolytes. Symptoms may include fatigue, dizziness, reduced cognitive performance, and impaired physical function.

DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid)

DHA is a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid that is a major structural component of the brain, retina, and cell membranes. It supports cognitive function, visual development, and neurological health. DHA is commonly included in formulations targeting brain health, prenatal nutrition, and healthy aging due to its critical role in maintaining neuronal integrity and signaling.

Dietary Supplement

A product intended to supplement the diet that contains vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, enzymes, or other dietary ingredients. Source: U.S. Food & Drug Administration

Digestive Enzymes

Biological catalysts that help break down macronutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates) to support nutrient absorption and digestive comfort.

Diluents (Fillers, Bulking Agents)

Diluents are inactive ingredients used in supplement formulations to increase volume, improve dose uniformity, and ensure accurate delivery of active ingredients. They are a key class of excipients in capsules and powders.

Disaccharides

Disaccharides are carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharide molecules chemically linked together. During digestion, enzymes break disaccharides down into their individual monosaccharide components so they can be absorbed by the body.

Disperse

To disperse means to distribute particles evenly throughout a liquid or mixture. In supplement manufacturing, dispersing ingredients helps ensure uniform distribution of powders, flavors, or active compounds within a formulation. Proper dispersion contributes to consistent dosing and product quality.

Dissolution

The process by which a supplement dosage form breaks down and releases its ingredients in the digestive system.

Distillation

Distillation is a separation process that uses heat to vaporize a liquid and then condense the vapor to collect purified components. It is commonly used to extract essential oils, flavor compounds, and aromatic substances from plant materials. Distillation allows manufacturers to isolate volatile compounds while removing unwanted materials.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

The molecule that carries the genetic instructions used for the growth, development, and functioning of all living organisms. It is found in nearly every cell of the body and contains the information that determines how cells produce proteins and perform their biological functions.

Dosage Form

The physical format of a supplement, such as capsules, powders, or gummies.

DSHEA (Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act)

The 1994 U.S. law that regulates dietary supplements and defines how they are marketed.

Dual-Pathway Systems

Dual-pathway systems refer to formulation strategies that leverage two or more absorption mechanisms simultaneously — such as sodium-glucose co-transport and amino acid co-transport — to maximize electrolyte and fluid uptake. These systems represent an emerging innovation in advanced hydration products, improving both efficiency and consistency of absorption.

E

Effervescent Tablets

Effervescent tablets are dissolvable supplements that release carbon dioxide when placed in water, creating a sparkling beverage. These tablets are often used to deliver electrolytes and vitamins in hydration products.

Electrolytes

Electrolytes are minerals that carry an electrical charge when dissolved in bodily fluids. Key electrolytes include sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and chloride. They help regulate fluid balance, nerve signaling, muscle contraction, and cellular hydration.

Electrolyte Balance

Electrolyte balance refers to maintaining appropriate levels of charged minerals in body fluids. Balanced electrolytes are essential for nerve function, muscle activity, cardiovascular stability, and efficient hydration.

Electrolyte Ratio

Electrolyte ratio describes the relative proportions of minerals such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, and chloride in a hydration formula. Proper ratios help support optimal fluid absorption and electrolyte balance.

Emulsifiers (Emulsifying agents)

Emulsifiers are ingredients that enable the stable mixing of oil- and water-based components in supplement formulations, improving consistency and absorption.

Encapsulation

The process of filling powdered or granular ingredients into capsules using automated machinery.

Enteric Coating

A coating designed to protect ingredients from stomach acid and allow release in the intestines.

Enzymatic Treatment

Enzymatic treatment is a processing method that uses enzymes—biological catalysts—to modify or break down specific compounds in ingredients. In food and nutraceutical processing, enzymes may be used to improve extraction efficiency, convert sugars, enhance bioavailability, or modify texture and flavor properties. Because enzymes operate under relatively mild conditions, enzymatic treatments can help preserve sensitive nutrients and compounds.

Enzyme

A biological catalyst that accelerates chemical reactions in the body. Digestive enzymes are commonly used in supplements.

EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid)

EPA is a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid primarily found in marine sources such as fish oil and algae. It plays a key role in modulating inflammatory pathways by influencing eicosanoid production and cytokine signaling. EPA is widely used in supplements to support cardiovascular health, joint function, and mood balance.

Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2)

Ergocalciferol is a plant-derived form of vitamin D produced by the irradiation of ergosterol in fungi and yeast. Like vitamin D3, it is converted in the body to active vitamin D metabolites that support calcium balance, bone health, and immune function. However, ergocalciferol is typically less bioavailable and has a shorter duration of action compared to cholecalciferol.

Excipients

Excipients are inactive substances included in a dietary supplement formulation to support the manufacturing process, stability, delivery, or consistency of the finished product. While excipients do not provide the primary intended health benefit of a supplement, they play an important role in ensuring that active ingredients can be processed, protected, and delivered effectively.

Extraction

A process used to isolate active compounds from plant materials using solvents, heat, or mechanical methods.

F

Fermentation

Fermentation is a biological process in which microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, or fungi convert raw materials into bioactive compounds under controlled conditions. In dietary supplement manufacturing, fermentation is commonly used to produce amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, and botanical extracts with high purity and consistency.

Fill Weight

The quantity of ingredient blend contained within a capsule or other delivery format.

Fillers (Bulking Agents, Diluents)

Fillers are ingredients used to increase the bulk or volume of a supplement formulation, ensuring consistent serving size and proper capsule or powder fill.

Finished Product Testing

Testing performed on completed supplements to verify identity, potency, purity, and safety.

Flavor Extracts

Flavor extracts are concentrated flavoring ingredients derived from natural sources such as fruits, herbs, spices, or botanicals. They are typically produced through processes such as solvent extraction, distillation, or cold pressing and are used to enhance the taste and aroma of foods and dietary supplements.

Flavoring System

A flavoring system refers to a combination of natural or artificial flavor compounds used to enhance or modify the taste of a food or dietary supplement product. Flavoring systems are carefully developed to create consistent sensory profiles and may include flavor extracts, aroma compounds, sweeteners, and taste-modifying ingredients. In nutraceutical manufacturing, flavoring systems are particularly important for powder and gummy supplements to improve palatability and consumer experience.

Flow Agents (Anti-Caking Agents, Glidants)

]Flow agents are ingredients used to prevent clumping and improve the free-flowing properties of powders during manufacturing and storage.

Flowability

The ability of powdered ingredients to move smoothly through manufacturing equipment.

Format

In nutraceutical manufacturing, format refers to the physical delivery form in which a dietary supplement is produced and consumed.

Formulation

The scientific process of selecting and combining ingredients to create a finished supplement product.

Free Radicals

Free radicals are unstable molecules that contain one or more unpaired electrons. Because of this instability, free radicals readily react with other molecules in the body in an attempt to stabilize themselves. These reactions can damage cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and cell membranes.

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS)

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are short chains of fructose molecules that function as prebiotic fibers, meaning they help nourish beneficial bacteria in the digestive system. Because FOS are not digested in the upper gastrointestinal tract, they pass intact to the colon, where they are fermented by beneficial microorganisms such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species.

Fructose

A naturally occurring simple sugar found in fruits, honey, and some vegetables. It is one of the three main dietary monosaccharides, along with glucose and galactose.

Function-Aligned Systems

Function-aligned systems refer to formulation strategies in which ingredients, flavors, and delivery formats are designed to complement the intended health function of the product. For example, a supplement formulated for relaxation might incorporate calming flavors such as chamomile or lavender alongside ingredients targeting stress support.

Functional Benefit

In dietary supplements, statements describing functional benefits are typically communicated as structure/function claims, which are regulated under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) in the United States.

Functional Hydration

Functional hydration refers to hydration products that provide health benefits beyond fluid replacement. These products often combine electrolytes with vitamins, amino acids, probiotics, or collagen to support targeted wellness goals.

Functional Ingredient

An ingredient included for its potential physiological benefits beyond basic nutrition.

G

Galactooligosaccharides (GOS)

Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are a class of prebiotic carbohydrates composed of short chains of galactose molecules. Like other prebiotics, GOS are resistant to digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract and are fermented by beneficial gut bacteria in the colon.

Because of their ability to support beneficial gut microbes, GOS are commonly included in digestive health, immune support, and synbiotic formulations, where they work alongside probiotic strains to help maintain a balanced gut microbiome.

Galactose

Galactose is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) that is structurally similar to glucose. It is most commonly found as part of the disaccharide lactose, the natural sugar present in milk and dairy products. During digestion, lactose is broken down into glucose and galactose, which can then be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Gelatin Capsule

A capsule shell made from animal-derived gelatin commonly used in supplement manufacturing.

Ginseng (Panax ginseng)

A traditional adaptogen that supports energy, cognitive performance, and immune function through ginsenoside activity.

Ginsenosides

Ginsenosides are a class of naturally occurring bioactive compounds found primarily in Panax species, such as Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius. They are classified as triterpene saponins and are considered the primary active constituents responsible for ginseng’s adaptogenic and therapeutic effects.

Mechanistically, ginsenosides influence multiple physiological systems, including modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, support of neurotransmitter balance, and regulation of inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways. These actions contribute to their role in enhancing energy metabolism, cognitive function, immune response, and stress resilience.

In nutraceutical formulations, ginsenosides are commonly used as a standardization marker to ensure consistency, potency, and efficacy of ginseng extracts, particularly in products targeting performance, mental clarity, and overall vitality.

Glidants (Flow enhancers)

Glidants are excipients used to improve powder flow by reducing interparticle friction in supplement formulations. They are commonly used in dry blends to support efficient manufacturing.

GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1)

GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) is a hormone involved in regulating blood sugar levels, insulin secretion, and appetite. It helps stimulate insulin release, slow stomach emptying, and signal feelings of fullness after eating. Recently, it has become an important focus in metabolic health and weight-management research.

Glucose

A simple sugar (monosaccharide) that serves as the body’s primary source of energy. It is produced when carbohydrates are digested and absorbed into the bloodstream. Cells use glucose to produce energy through metabolic processes, and excess glucose can be stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles for later use.

GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe)

A designation used by the FDA indicating that a substance is widely recognized as safe for its intended use. Source: U.S Food & Drug Administration

Granulation

A manufacturing process that converts fine powders into granules to improve flow and uniformity.

Green Tea Extract (EGCG)

A polyphenol-rich extract standardized for epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which supports metabolism, antioxidant activity, and cellular health.

Gummy

A gummy is a chewable dietary supplement format made using a gelled base, typically derived from gelatin or plant-based pectin, combined with sweeteners, flavorings, and active ingredients. Gummies are designed to provide a more enjoyable and convenient way to consume supplements compared to traditional dosage forms.

H

Heavy Metal Testing

Laboratory analysis used to detect contaminants such as lead, arsenic, mercury, and cadmium in supplements.

Herbal

Herbal refers to ingredients derived from plants that are used for their nutritional, functional, or traditional wellness properties. Herbal ingredients may come from various parts of plants, including roots, leaves, flowers, seeds, bark, or stems, and are commonly processed into powders, extracts, or tinctures for use in dietary supplements.

HPA Axis (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis)

A complex communication system between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands that regulates the body’s stress response and hormone production. The HPA axis plays a critical role in balancing cortisol and other hormones that can indirectly impact testosterone levels. Supporting HPA axis function is key to maintaining hormonal stability and stress resilience.

Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring compound that helps retain moisture in skin, joints, and connective tissues. It is commonly used in supplements that support skin hydration and joint lubrication.

Hydration

Hydration refers to maintaining adequate fluid levels in the body to support normal physiological processes. Proper hydration is essential for temperature regulation, nutrient transport, cardiovascular function, metabolism, and cellular activity.

Hydration Powder

A hydration powder is a powdered dietary supplement designed to be mixed with water to provide electrolytes and hydration support. These products often include additional nutrients that support performance, recovery, or wellness.

Hydration Supplements

Hydration supplements are dietary products designed to support fluid balance and electrolyte replenishment. They typically contain minerals such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium and may include additional functional ingredients.

Hygroscopic

A property describing ingredients that readily absorb moisture from the surrounding environment.

Hypotonic

A hypotonic solution has a lower osmolarity than blood plasma, meaning it contains fewer dissolved particles. This allows for faster gastric emptying and rapid fluid absorption, making hypotonic formulations ideal for quick hydration scenarios, such as endurance exercise or heat exposure.

I

Identity Testing

Testing used to confirm that a raw material is the correct ingredient and has not been substituted or adulterated.

In-Process Testing

Quality testing conducted during manufacturing to verify production parameters.

Ingredient Standardization

The process of ensuring botanical extracts contain a consistent level of active compounds.

Ingredient Specification

Defined quality parameters that raw materials must meet before being used in production.

Ingredient Traceability

The ability to track ingredients through the entire manufacturing and supply chain process.

Ingredient Volatility

Ingredient volatility refers to the tendency of certain compounds, particularly aroma or flavor molecules, to evaporate or degrade when exposed to heat, air, or light. Highly volatile ingredients may require specialized formulation techniques or protective packaging to preserve product quality and stability.

Iron

A mineral necessary for oxygen transport via hemoglobin and myoglobin. Iron plays a key role in energy production and cognitive function.

Isoleucine

Isoleucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid involved in energy production, muscle metabolism, and glucose regulation. It supports endurance, recovery, and metabolic balance in active individuals.

Isotonic

An isotonic solution has a similar osmolarity to human blood plasma (~275–295 mOsm/kg), allowing for efficient fluid absorption without disrupting cellular fluid balance. Isotonic electrolyte drinks are commonly used in sports and hydration products because they support steady fluid uptake and minimize gastrointestinal distress.

J

Juice Powder

Juice powder is a dehydrated form of fruit or vegetable juice produced by removing water through processes such as spray drying or freeze drying. Juice powders retain many of the nutrients, pigments, and flavor compounds found in the original juice and are commonly used in dietary supplements and functional foods for flavoring, coloring, and nutritional enrichment.

K

Kelp

Kelp is a type of large brown seaweed that is naturally rich in iodine and other trace minerals. Kelp-derived ingredients are often used in dietary supplements designed to support thyroid health and mineral intake.

Keratin

Keratin is a structural protein found in hair, skin, and nails. In nutritional supplements, keratin-derived ingredients may be included in formulations designed to support hair strength, skin integrity, and nail health.

Kinetics

Kinetics refers to the study of the rate at which chemical or biological processes occur. In nutraceutical science, kinetics may describe how quickly compounds dissolve, degrade, or are absorbed and metabolized in the body.

L

L-Glutamine

A conditionally essential amino acid that supports muscle recovery, gut integrity, and immune function, particularly during periods of physical stress.

L-Theanine

An amino acid commonly found in tea that promotes relaxation without sedation. It works by modulating alpha brain wave activity and neurotransmitters such as GABA and dopamine.

Label Claim

Statements on a supplement label describing ingredient quantities or structure/function benefits.

Leucine

Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) that plays a central role in muscle protein synthesis, recovery, and metabolic signaling. It is widely used in dietary supplements targeting sports nutrition, muscle health, and active aging.

Lipophilic Compounds

In nutrition and supplement formulation, many important nutrients are lipophilic. Lipophilic compounds are substances that readily dissolve in fats, oils, or other lipids rather than in water. The term “lipophilic” literally means “fat-loving,” describing molecules that are chemically attracted to lipid environments.

Lipophilic ingredients often require specific formulation strategies to support effective absorption. These strategies may include oil-based delivery systems, emulsification, liposomal encapsulation, or co-formulation with dietary fats.

Liposomal Delivery

A nutrient delivery technology that encapsulates active compounds within microscopic lipid vesicles called liposomes. These lipid-based structures can help protect sensitive ingredients and may support improved stability, solubility, and absorption in the body. Liposomal delivery systems are commonly used for nutrients such as vitamin C, glutathione, and certain botanical compounds. Source: National Library of Medicine

Lot Number

A unique identifier assigned to a production batch to enable traceability.

Lutein

Lutein is a carotenoid antioxidant commonly found in leafy green vegetables such as kale and spinach. It accumulates in the macula of the eye, where it helps filter blue light and supports visual health. Lutein is frequently included in dietary supplements formulated to support eye health and healthy vision.

Lycopene

Lycopene is a red carotenoid pigment primarily found in tomatoes, watermelon, and pink grapefruit. It is a potent antioxidant and has been widely studied for its potential role in supporting cardiovascular health and overall antioxidant protection. Unlike some other carotenoids, lycopene does not convert to vitamin A in the body.

Lyophilization

Also known as freeze-drying; a dehydration process used to preserve sensitive ingredients such as probiotics.

M

Macronutrients

Macronutrients are nutrients that the body requires in relatively large amounts to provide energy and support essential physiological functions. The three primary macronutrients are carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. These nutrients supply calories that fuel daily activities, support growth and tissue repair, and help maintain normal metabolic processes.

Magnesium

An essential mineral involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions, including energy production, muscle function, and nervous system regulation. Magnesium is widely used for stress support, sleep, and muscle recovery.

Manufacturing Batch Record

Documentation detailing ingredients, equipment, and processes used during a production run.

Metabolic

Metabolic refers to processes related to metabolism, the complex set of chemical reactions in the body that convert food and nutrients into energy and building blocks needed for growth, repair, and normal physiological function.

Microbial Testing

Testing performed to detect microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, yeast, and mold.

Microbiome

The microbiome refers to the collection of microorganisms—including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microbes—that live in and on the human body. The largest and most studied microbiome resides in the gastrointestinal tract, where these microorganisms play important roles in digestion, immune function, and metabolic health.

Microencapsulation

Microencapsulation is a technology used to surround small particles or droplets of active ingredients with a protective coating or matrix. This process helps protect sensitive compounds from heat, light, oxygen, or moisture, and can also be used to improve ingredient stability, taste-masking, or controlled release.

Microencapsulation technologies are commonly used for ingredients such as probiotics, vitamins, flavors, and botanical extracts to maintain potency and performance during manufacturing and storage.

Micronization

A process that reduces particle size to improve solubility and absorption.

Minimum Order Quantity (MOQ)

The smallest production volume a manufacturer will produce during a manufacturing run.

Mitochondrial Health

Refers to the function and efficiency of mitochondria, the structures within cells responsible for producing energy (ATP). Healthy mitochondrial function supports energy production, metabolic performance, and cellular resilience. In men’s health, mitochondrial support is increasingly linked to endurance, aging, and hormone optimization.

Moisture Content

The amount of water present in an ingredient or finished product.

Monoamines

Monoamines are a class of neurotransmitters derived from amino acids that regulate mood, cognition, and physiological arousal. Key monoamines include serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, each of which plays a distinct role in emotional regulation, motivation, and stress response. These neurotransmitters are critical targets for both pharmaceutical and nutraceutical interventions aimed at supporting mental well-being, focus, and resilience to stress.

Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and consist of a single sugar molecule. They are the basic building blocks of more complex carbohydrates such as disaccharides and polysaccharides. Common dietary monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose, which are absorbed directly into the bloodstream during digestion and used by the body as an immediate source of energy.

N

Natural Flavor

A flavoring ingredient derived from plant or animal sources such as fruits, herbs, spices, or fermentation products. Natural flavors are extracted using processes such as distillation, enzymatic treatment, or solvent extraction and must originate from natural raw materials.

Nootropic

Nootropics are ingredients used in supplements intended to support cognitive performance, focus, memory, or mental clarity. Nootropics can include naturally occurring compounds — such as botanical extracts, amino acids, or nutrients — as well as synthetic ingredients used to support brain health and cognitive performance.

Nutraceutical

A product derived from food sources that provides health benefits beyond basic nutrition. Source: National Library of Medicine

Nutrient

A nutrient is a substance obtained from food or dietary supplements that the body needs for growth, metabolism, and normal physiological function. Nutrients provide energy, support cellular processes, and help maintain overall health.

Nutrient Density

Nutrient density refers to the amount of beneficial nutrients a food or ingredient provides relative to its calorie content. A nutrient-dense food delivers comparatively high levels of vitamins, minerals, fiber, protein, or other beneficial compounds without contributing excessive calories. In nutrition and supplement positioning, the term is often used to describe ingredients or foods valued for providing concentrated nutritional value.

Nutrient Stability

The ability of vitamins or other compounds to maintain potency throughout shelf life.

Nutritional Supplement

A nutritional supplement is a product designed to provide nutrients or other beneficial compounds that may be missing or insufficient in a person’s diet. These products are typically formulated to support overall health, wellness, and normal physiological functions.

In the United States, nutritional supplements are regulated as dietary supplements under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994, which defines how these products are manufactured, labeled, and marketed.

Nutritive

Nutritive refers to substances that provide nutritional value or energy to the body. Nutritive ingredients contain calories and contribute to physiological functions such as metabolism, growth, and tissue repair. For example, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are considered nutritive components of the diet.

O

Ocimum tenuiflorum

Ocimum tenuiflorum, commonly known as holy basil or tulsi, is a medicinal herb traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine for its adaptogenic and stress-support properties. It contains a range of bioactive compounds, including eugenol, ursolic acid, and rosmarinic acid, which contribute to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cortisol-modulating effects.

In nutraceutical formulations, Ocimum tenuiflorum is commonly used to support mood balance, immune function, and the body’s response to physical and psychological stress.

Oil-Based Delivery Systems

Supplement formulation methods in which active ingredients are dissolved, suspended, or dispersed in an oil carrier to improve stability and absorption. These systems are commonly used for nutrients and bioactive compounds that are lipophilic (fat-soluble) and therefore dissolve more readily in fats than in water.

Oil Suspension

An oil suspension is a formulation in which active ingredients are dispersed within an oil-based carrier. This delivery method is commonly used for fat-soluble nutrients such as vitamins A, D, E, and K, as well as omega-3 fatty acids. Oil suspensions can improve stability and help support absorption of lipophilic compounds.

Oligosaccharides

Oligosaccharides are short chains of carbohydrate molecules composed of a small number of monosaccharides. Certain oligosaccharides function as prebiotics, meaning they help support beneficial gut bacteria in the digestive system.

Common examples used in supplements include fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS), which are often added to digestive health and microbiome-support formulations.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA & DHA)

Essential fatty acids that support cardiovascular health, brain function, and inflammation balance. Commonly derived from fish oil or algae.

Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS)

An oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a mixture of water, electrolytes, and carbohydrates designed to promote rapid fluid absorption in the digestive tract. ORS formulas are commonly used to treat dehydration caused by illness or fluid loss.

Organic Certification

Organic certification indicates that ingredients or finished products meet standards established by the USDA National Organic Program (NOP). Organic-certified ingredients must be produced without most synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), or irradiation. In the supplement industry, organic certification is often used to support clean-label positioning and transparency.

Organoleptic Properties

Sensory characteristics including taste, smell, color, and texture.

Osmolality

Osmolality measures the concentration of dissolved particles such as electrolytes and sugars in a solution. In hydration products, osmolality influences how efficiently fluids are absorbed by the digestive system.

Osmolarity Balance

Osmolarity balance refers to the concentration of dissolved particles (such as electrolytes and sugars) in a solution relative to the body’s fluids. In hydration formulations, maintaining optimal osmolarity is critical for efficient fluid absorption, as solutions that are too concentrated (hypertonic) can slow gastric emptying, while properly balanced solutions (isotonic or hypotonic) enhance rapid hydration and gastrointestinal comfort.

Overages

Extra quantities of ingredients added during formulation to compensate for degradation over time.

Oxidation

Oxidation is a chemical reaction in which molecules lose electrons, often triggered by exposure to oxygen, light, or heat. In nutraceutical products, oxidation can degrade sensitive ingredients such as omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and botanical compounds, potentially reducing potency and shelf stability. Supplement manufacturers manage oxidation through formulation strategies, protective packaging, antioxidants, and controlled storage conditions.

Oxidative Stress

Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the body’s ability to neutralize them with antioxidants. When free radical levels exceed the body’s antioxidant defenses, they can damage cellular structures, including lipids, proteins, and DNA.

Oxidative stress is a natural biological process, but excessive oxidative stress has been associated with aging and a range of health conditions.

P

Palatability

Palatability refers to how pleasant a product is to taste, smell, and consume. In dietary supplement development, palatability is an important factor because products that taste better are often easier for consumers to take consistently as part of their daily wellness routine.

Panax ginseng

Panax ginseng is a traditional medicinal root known for its adaptogenic and performance-support properties. Its active compounds, ginsenosides, influence energy metabolism, cognitive function, and immune response. In supplement formulations, Panax ginseng is used to support physical endurance, mental clarity, and resistance to fatigue.

Particle Size Distribution

Measurement of the size range of powder particles in a formulation.

Passive Diffusion

Passive diffusion is a transport process in which molecules move across cell membranes from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration without the use of energy. While less efficient than active transport mechanisms, passive diffusion contributes to baseline electrolyte absorption in hydration systems.

Phosphatidylserine

A phospholipid component of cell membranes that supports cognitive function, memory, and stress regulation.

Phytochemicals

Naturally occurring plant compounds with potential biological activity.

Phytosterols

Phytosterols are naturally occurring plant compounds that are structurally similar to cholesterol. They are found in plant-based foods such as vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, legumes, and whole grains.

Piperine (Black Pepper Extract)

Piperine is a bioactive alkaloid derived from black pepper (Piper nigrum) used in dietary supplements to enhance the bioavailability and absorption of certain nutrients and botanical compounds. It is commonly included in nutraceutical formulations to improve the effectiveness of active ingredients.

Plant-Based Pectin

Plant-based pectin is a naturally occurring soluble fiber extracted primarily from the cell walls of fruits, most commonly citrus peels and apple pomace. It functions as a gelling, thickening, and stabilizing agent and is widely used in foods and dietary supplements.

In nutraceutical manufacturing, plant-based pectin is commonly used to create vegan or vegetarian gummy supplements because it forms a gel structure that gives gummies their characteristic texture without the use of animal-derived gelatin.

Beyond its functional role in product texture, pectin is also considered a dietary fiber and has been studied for its potential to support digestive health and cholesterol management.

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of long chains of many monosaccharide molecules linked together. These large carbohydrate molecules serve important biological roles, including energy storage and structural support in plants and organisms.

Potassium

Potassium is an electrolyte that helps regulate fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, and cardiovascular function.

Potency

The measured strength or concentration of active ingredients.

Powder Blending

The process of mixing powdered ingredients to achieve a uniform formulation.

Prebiotic

Non-digestible fibers that support beneficial gut bacteria. Unlike probiotics, which introduce live bacteria into the digestive system, prebiotics act as a food source for existing beneficial gut microbes, helping them grow and maintain a balanced intestinal environment.

Prebiotic Fiber

Prebiotic fiber refers to non-digestible carbohydrates that nourish beneficial gut bacteria and support digestive health.

Precipitation

Precipitation occurs when a dissolved substance separates from a liquid and forms solid particles. In supplement formulations, precipitation may occur if ingredient concentrations exceed solubility limits or if chemical interactions cause compounds to become insoluble. Preventing precipitation is important for maintaining product consistency and stability.

Preservatives (Antimicrobial agents)

Preservatives are ingredients added to supplement formulations to inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, and mold.

Private Label

A supplement produced by a manufacturer and sold under another company’s brand name.

Probiotic

A probiotic is a live microorganism that, when consumed in adequate amounts, may support digestive and immune health by contributing to a balanced gut microbiome. Probiotics are typically beneficial strains of bacteria or yeast that naturally occur in the human digestive tract and certain fermented foods.

Protein

A protein is a large, complex molecule made up of chains of amino acids that performs a wide variety of essential functions in the body. Proteins are critical for building and repairing tissues, supporting immune function, producing enzymes and hormones, and maintaining cellular structure.

Proteins are composed of 20 different amino acids, which combine in specific sequences to form unique protein structures. These structures determine the protein’s specific biological role, such as facilitating chemical reactions, transporting nutrients, or supporting muscle development.

In nutrition, proteins are considered one of the three primary macronutrients, along with carbohydrates and fats.

Q

Qualified Supplier

A qualified supplier is a raw material vendor that has been evaluated and approved through a manufacturer’s supplier qualification program. Qualification may include documentation review, testing verification, quality audits, and supply chain traceability to ensure ingredients meet regulatory and quality standards.

Quality Assurance (QA)

Systems and procedures designed to ensure products consistently meet quality standards.

Quality Control (QC)

Testing procedures used to confirm that ingredients and finished products meet specifications.

Quantification

In nutraceutical formulation, the process of measuring the concentration or amount of a specific compound within a raw material or finished supplement product. Quantification is typically performed using analytical techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry, or spectrophotometry. This testing helps confirm ingredient potency and verify that label claims are accurate.

Quantitative Analysis

Quantitative analysis in nutraceutical formulation refers to laboratory testing methods used to determine the exact concentration of specific ingredients or compounds in a supplement formulation. These analytical techniques help verify potency, detect impurities, and ensure consistency across production batches.

R

Rapid Hydration

Rapid hydration refers to quickly restoring fluid and electrolyte balance after dehydration caused by exercise, illness, heat exposure, or travel. Rapid hydration products often contain balanced electrolytes and carbohydrates.

Raw Material

Any ingredient used in the production of a supplement product.

Raw Material Testing

Laboratory testing conducted on incoming ingredients to verify identity, potency, and purity.

Reconstitution

Reconstitution refers to the process of restoring a powdered supplement to a liquid form by adding water or another liquid. This term is commonly used for powdered drink mixes, electrolyte supplements, and certain probiotic formulations designed to be mixed prior to consumption.

Reference Standard

A reference standard is a highly purified compound used as a benchmark in laboratory testing to confirm the identity and concentration of specific ingredients in raw materials or finished supplements. Reference standards are commonly used in analytical techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to ensure accurate ingredient verification and potency testing.

Release Testing

The final set of laboratory analyses performed on a finished supplement batch before it is approved for distribution. Release testing verifies that the product meets all required specifications for identity, potency, purity, and microbial safety.

Residual Solvents

Residual solvents are trace amounts of solvents that may remain in botanical extracts or ingredients after extraction or manufacturing processes. Testing for residual solvents ensures that levels remain below acceptable safety limits established by regulatory authorities and pharmacopeial guidelines. Source: ICH Guideline Q3C – Residual Solvents

Resveratrol

A polyphenol found in grapes and berries that supports cardiovascular health and cellular longevity pathways.

Retention Samples

Samples stored from each production batch for future testing or verification.

Retinoids

Retinoids are a class of compounds derived from vitamin A that include both naturally occurring and synthetic forms, such as retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. These compounds play a critical role in cellular differentiation, gene expression, vision, and immune function.

In biological systems, retinoids regulate epithelial cell turnover and are essential for maintaining skin, eye, and mucosal health. In nutrition and supplementation, retinoids refer to preformed vitamin A typically sourced from animal-derived ingredients, which are readily bioavailable but require careful dose management due to potential toxicity at high levels.

Rheology

Rheology is the scientific study of how materials flow and deform under stress. In supplement manufacturing, rheology is important for understanding the flow properties of powders, gels, and liquid formulations, which can affect mixing, encapsulation, and product consistency.

Rhodiola rosea

An adaptogen known for enhancing physical endurance, mental performance, and resistance to fatigue by influencing stress-response pathways.

Risk Assessment

Risk assessment is a systematic process used to evaluate potential hazards that could affect product quality, safety, or regulatory compliance. In nutraceutical manufacturing, risk assessments are often conducted for ingredient sourcing, contamination risks, manufacturing processes, and quality control systems.

Root Cause Analysis

An investigative process used to determine the underlying cause of manufacturing issues.

S

Sachet

A sachet is a small, sealed packet used to contain a single serving of powdered, granulated, or liquid ingredients. They’re designed for convenience, portability, and precise portion control, allowing consumers to easily open the packet and mix the contents with water or another beverage, or consume the product directly depending on the formulation.

Compared with other single-serve packaging formats, sachets are typically wider and flatter than stick packs, making them suitable for products that require slightly larger serving sizes or multiple ingredients.

Selenium

A trace mineral with antioxidant properties that supports thyroid function and immune health.

Sensory Profile

Sensory profile refers to the overall sensory characteristics of a product, including taste, aroma, texture, mouthfeel, and appearance. In nutraceutical product development, sensory profiling helps ensure products deliver a consistent and pleasant consumer experience.

SGLT1 (Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 1)

SGLT1 is a specialized transport protein located in the small intestine that facilitates the simultaneous uptake of sodium and glucose into intestinal cells. This mechanism drives water absorption through osmotic gradients and is considered the gold standard for rapid hydration. SGLT1 is the foundational principle behind oral rehydration therapy (ORT) and remains a key focus in modern electrolyte formulation.

SHBG Modulation (Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin Modulation)

Refers to influencing the activity of SHBG, a protein that binds to testosterone in the bloodstream. When testosterone is bound to SHBG, it is not biologically active. Modulating SHBG levels can help increase free (bioavailable) testosterone, which is the form the body can use. This is a key strategy in advanced testosterone support formulations.

Shelf Life

The period during which a supplement maintains safety, potency, and quality.

Shelf Stability

The ability of a supplement to remain stable under recommended storage conditions.

Shilajit (Fulvic Acid Complex)

A naturally occurring, mineral-rich substance formed from decomposed plant matter in mountainous regions (primarily the Himalayas). Shilajit contains fulvic acid and trace minerals, which support nutrient absorption, mitochondrial function, and cellular energy production. In men’s health formulations, it is commonly used to support energy, vitality, and healthy testosterone levels, particularly in premium or longevity-focused products.

Sodium

Sodium is a key electrolyte that regulates fluid balance, nerve signaling, and muscle contraction. It plays a central role in hydration formulas by helping maintain electrolyte balance and promoting water absorption.

Sodium–Glucose Transport

The sodium–glucose transport mechanism is a biological process that allows sodium and glucose to facilitate water absorption in the small intestine. This principle forms the scientific foundation of oral rehydration solutions.

Solubility

The ability of an ingredient to dissolve in liquid. In dietary supplement formulation, solubility affects how easily ingredients disperse, mix, and are absorbed by the body.

Solvent Extraction

Solvent extraction is a process used to isolate specific compounds from plant materials or other raw ingredients by dissolving them in a liquid solvent. The solvent selectively dissolves desired compounds, such as botanical actives, flavors, or pigments, which are then separated and concentrated to produce an extract used in foods, nutraceuticals, and dietary supplements.

Stability Testing

Scientific testing used to determine how ingredients degrade over time. Source: ICH

Standardized Extract

A botanical extract processed to contain a specific concentration of active compounds.

Starch

A complex carbohydrate composed of long chains of glucose molecules. During digestion, enzymes break starch down into glucose, which the body can absorb and use for energy. In nutrition and supplement formulations, starch may also be used as a binder, stabilizer, or carrier ingredient in certain products.

Stick Pack

A narrow, single-serving packet used to package powdered dietary supplements, drink mixes, or functional ingredients. Stick packs are designed for portability, precise portion control, and convenient on-the-go use. Consumers typically open the packet and either pour the powder directly into water or another beverage for mixing, or consume it as a direct powder depending on the formulation.

Structure/Function Claims

Statements describing how a nutrient supports normal physiological functions without claiming to treat disease.

Sucralose

Sucralose is a non-caloric artificial sweetener derived from sucrose (table sugar). It is approximately 600 times sweeter than sugar and is widely used in foods and dietary supplements to provide sweetness without adding significant calories. Sucralose is heat-stable and commonly used in flavored powders and other formulations.

Superfood

Superfood is an informal term used in nutrition and marketing to describe foods that contain high concentrations of nutrients, antioxidants, or beneficial plant compounds. Although widely used in consumer health discussions, the term does not have a formal regulatory definition.

Common foods often described as superfoods include berries, leafy greens, turmeric, green tea, chia seeds, spirulina, and cacao. In dietary supplements, superfoods are often incorporated as powders or extracts in formulations designed to support overall wellness.

Sustainability

Sustainability refers to practices and processes designed to meet current needs while minimizing negative environmental, social, and economic impacts so that resources remain available for future generations. In the nutraceutical and dietary supplement industry, sustainability often involves responsible approaches to ingredient sourcing, manufacturing, packaging, and supply chain management.

Sweetener

A sweetener is a substance used to provide sweetness in foods, beverages, or dietary supplements. Sweeteners may be nutritive, meaning they provide calories (such as sugar or honey), or non-nutritive, meaning they provide little or no calories (such as stevia, monk fruit extract, or sucralose). In nutraceutical products, sweeteners are often used to improve flavor and palatability.

Synbiotic

A synbiotic is a combination of probiotics and prebiotics formulated together to support a healthy gut microbiome. In this type of formulation, the probiotic component provides beneficial live microorganisms, while the prebiotic component supplies the non-digestible fibers that help nourish and support the growth of those beneficial microbes.

By pairing probiotics with their preferred nutrient sources, synbiotic formulations are designed to help enhance the survival, activity, and balance of beneficial bacteria in the digestive tract.

T

Taste-Masking

Taste-masking refers to formulation techniques used to reduce or conceal unpleasant flavors associated with certain ingredients, such as bitter botanical extracts, minerals, or amino acids. Taste-masking strategies may include flavoring systems, sweeteners, encapsulation technologies, or ingredient coatings.

Taurine

Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid involved in cellular hydration, electrolyte balance, cardiovascular function, and nervous system regulation.

Testosterone

The primary male sex hormone responsible for regulating muscle mass, energy levels, libido, mood, and overall metabolic function. Testosterone is produced primarily in the testes and naturally declines with age. In supplement formulations, the focus is typically on supporting healthy production, balance, and bioavailability, rather than replacing the hormone directly.

Therapeutic Dose

A therapeutic dose refers to the amount of an ingredient shown in research to produce a beneficial physiological effect. While dietary supplements do not claim to treat diseases, understanding therapeutic dose ranges helps guide formulation strategies and effective ingredient inclusion levels.

Thermal Stability

Thermal stability refers to the ability of an ingredient or finished supplement product to maintain its chemical structure and potency when exposed to heat during manufacturing, storage, or transportation. Evaluating thermal stability helps formulators determine appropriate processing conditions and shelf-life expectations.

Third-Party Testing

Independent laboratory testing used to verify ingredient identity, purity, and potency.

Titration

An analytical laboratory method used to determine the concentration of a specific compound within a sample by reacting it with a measured reagent. In supplement testing, titration may be used to quantify certain nutrients, acids, or mineral content and verify ingredient potency.

Tocopherols

Tocopherols are a class of fat-soluble compounds that make up one form of vitamin E, including alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol. They function primarily as antioxidants, protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage by neutralizing free radicals. Alpha-tocopherol is the most biologically active form in humans and is commonly used in supplement formulations for immune and cardiovascular support.

Tocotrienols

Tocotrienols are a lesser-known subgroup of vitamin E compounds structurally similar to tocopherols but with an unsaturated side chain that enhances their cellular penetration. They exhibit potent antioxidant activity and have been studied for their potential roles in supporting cardiovascular health, neuroprotection, and anti-inflammatory pathways. Tocotrienols are often derived from sources such as palm oil, rice bran, and annatto.

Tolerance Level

The maximum allowable concentration of a contaminant or substance in a product.

Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia)

A botanical extract derived from a Southeast Asian plant traditionally used for male vitality. Tongkat Ali is known for supporting free testosterone levels by helping reduce stress-related suppression of hormones and potentially influencing sex hormone balance. It is frequently used in formulations targeting performance, libido, and stress resilience.

Trace Minerals

Trace minerals are essential minerals required by the body in small amounts but that still play critical roles in physiological processes.

Traceability

The ability to track ingredients and finished products through each stage of the supply chain.

Turbidity

The cloudiness of a liquid caused by suspended particles.

Turmeric (Curcumin)

A polyphenolic compound with potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Curcumin supports joint health and modulates inflammatory signaling pathways.

U

Ultra-Fine Powder

A finely milled powder designed to enhance dispersion and absorption.

Uniformity Testing

Testing conducted to ensure each dosage unit contains consistent ingredient levels.

USP Standards

Quality standards developed by the United States Pharmacopeia for ingredient testing and purity.

V

Validation

The documented process of confirming that manufacturing equipment and procedures consistently produce products meeting specifications.

Valine

Valine is an essential branched-chain amino acid that supports muscle tissue repair, energy production, and endurance performance. It is a key component of BCAA blends used in sports nutrition and recovery products.

Vegan

Vegan refers to ingredients, products, or formulations that contain no animal-derived components and are produced without the use of animal byproducts. In the dietary supplement industry, vegan products are formulated exclusively with plant-based, mineral, or microbial sources.

Vegan Capsule

A capsule shell typically made from plant-derived cellulose instead of gelatin.

Vehicle

In supplement formulation, a vehicle is a substance used to carry or deliver an active ingredient within a product. Vehicles help disperse, stabilize, or dissolve ingredients and ensure consistent delivery in the finished dosage form. Examples include oils used to deliver fat-soluble vitamins or water-based solutions used in liquid supplements.

Viability

Viability refers to the ability of living microorganisms—such as probiotic bacteria—to remain alive and functional throughout manufacturing, storage, and the product’s shelf life. Maintaining microbial viability is critical for probiotic supplements because the beneficial effects depend on delivering a sufficient number of live organisms.

Viscosity

Viscosity refers to a liquid’s resistance to flow or thickness. In supplement manufacturing, viscosity is an important property for liquid formulations, suspensions, and gels because it affects mixing, dosing accuracy, and stability of suspended ingredients.

Vitamin

A vitamin is an essential organic compound required in small amounts for normal growth, metabolism, and physiological function. Because the body cannot produce most vitamins in sufficient quantities, they must be obtained from food or dietary supplements. Vitamins are commonly classified as fat-soluble (A, D, E, and K) or water-soluble (vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins).

Vitamin A (Retinoids / Beta-Carotene)

A fat-soluble vitamin essential for vision, immune function, and cellular growth. Vitamin A supports epithelial tissue health and plays a role in gene expression. It is available as preformed retinoids (animal-derived) or provitamin A carotenoids like beta-carotene (plant-derived).

Vitamin B Complex

A group of water-soluble vitamins that support energy metabolism, nervous system function, and red blood cell formation. Key members include B6 (pyridoxine), B9 (folate), and B12 (cobalamin), which are critical for neurotransmitter synthesis and methylation pathways.

Vitamin Bioavailability

Vitamin bioavailability refers to the proportion of a vitamin that is absorbed and utilized by the body after consumption. Bioavailability can vary depending on factors such as nutrient form, delivery system, interactions with other nutrients, and digestive health.

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

A water-soluble antioxidant that supports immune function, collagen synthesis, and oxidative stress reduction. Vitamin C also enhances iron absorption and plays a role in skin health and tissue repair.

Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol / Ergocalciferol)

A fat-soluble vitamin that functions as a hormone precursor, regulating calcium absorption, bone health, and immune response. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with impaired immunity and reduced bone density.

Vitamin E (Tocopherols / Tocotrienols)

A fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage. It plays a role in immune support and cardiovascular health.

Volatile Compounds

Volatile compounds are chemical substances that readily evaporate at relatively low temperatures. In nutraceutical ingredients, particularly botanical extracts, volatile compounds often contribute to aroma, flavor, and certain biological activities. These compounds can be sensitive to heat, oxygen, and light during manufacturing.

W

Water Activity (aw)

A measurement of available water in a product that may support microbial growth.

White Label Manufacturing

A manufacturing arrangement in which supplements are produced by one company but marketed under another brand.

Whole-Food Derived Ingredients

Nutrients sourced from whole food materials rather than synthetic isolates.

Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha)

Withania somnifera, commonly known as ashwagandha, is an adaptogenic herb used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. Its primary bioactive compounds, withanolides, contribute to its ability to modulate cortisol levels, support stress resilience, and promote overall mood balance. It is widely used in nutraceutical formulations targeting stress, sleep, cognitive health, and physical performance.

Withanolides

Withanolides are a group of naturally occurring steroidal lactones primarily found in plants of the Withania genus, especially Withania somnifera (ashwagandha). They are considered the primary bioactive compounds responsible for ashwagandha’s adaptogenic and stress-modulating properties.

Mechanistically, withanolides have been shown to influence cortisol regulation, support immune function, and exhibit antioxidant activity, making them a key standardization marker in ashwagandha extracts.

Y

Yeast

Yeast refers to single-celled microorganisms belonging to the fungi kingdom that are widely used in food production, fermentation, and certain dietary supplements. In the nutraceutical industry, yeast may serve as a source of nutrients, such as B vitamins, minerals, and proteins, or as a delivery medium for fermented ingredients. Certain types of yeast are also used as probiotic organisms.

Yield

In manufacturing, yield refers to the amount of finished product produced from a given quantity of raw materials during a production process. Yield calculations help manufacturers evaluate production efficiency, ingredient utilization, and batch consistency.

Maintaining predictable yields is important for cost control, quality assurance, and manufacturing scalability in nutraceutical production.

Z

Zeaxanthin

A naturally occurring carotenoid found in certain fruits and vegetables, particularly leafy greens and yellow or orange produce. It helps protect the eyes by filtering high-energy light and supporting the health of the macula.

Zinc

Zinc is an essential trace mineral that plays a role in numerous biological processes, including immune function, wound healing, protein synthesis, and cellular metabolism. Zinc also supports hormone balance and skin health.

Conclusion

Understanding the terminology used in nutraceutical manufacturing helps supplement brands make more informed decisions when developing and scaling products. From formulation science to regulatory compliance, these terms represent the foundation of how modern dietary supplements are designed, manufactured, and brought to market.